Student Diaries

MACULAR CAROTENOIDS Eye and its structure Anatomy of the Eye Eye is formed from both mesenchyme and ectoderm and is an intricate sense organ. Ectoderm derived from retina that is formed by neural tubes, smooth muscles of iris and optic nerves. On the side of head, exterior ectoderm forms conjuctival epithelium and corneal, lacrimal glands and lens. The mesenchyma forms sclera, cornea, choroid, iris, cell lining the anterior chamber and part of vitreous body. The protective structure of eye includes the lids, orbits and sclera. Sockets are the two orbits that are present in the skull at the front. The eyeball In the orbital cavity eye ball is located. This cavity gives the strong bony structure along with protection. In ocular movement, this cavity provides the six extrinsic muscles that help for this function.  anteriorly  The cornea  The transparent structure and the compressed dome shaped is present in front of iris and pupil that is called as c...

Chikungunya fever Chikungunya fever is a human illness basically produced by mosquito which has chikungunya virus. In last 40 years chikungunya virus causing a biggest reported outbreaks of chikungunya fever. The chikungunya virus first introduced in 1952 in Tanzania.  During the 1950s and 1960s outbreaks were identified in Asia. In 2005 chikungunya outbreak reports unlimited population suffered from CHIK fever which is occurred in south Asia and islands in the Indian Ocean. In 2006 1.3 million CHIK cases reported in India and disease attack rate 45% increase in some areas. Therefore mortality was rare, with substantial results. In recent outbreaks reported patients cut off all the work during 35 days and during 18 months 60% patients had persistent arthralgia. In 2007 Indian viremice traveler introduce the CHIKV in northern Italy, in the result .200 cases show in this area. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are most common CHIKV vectors. Chikungunya virus basically ...

Chemical Methods to Enhance Delivery  Oligonucleotides In the disease process, for the inactivation of the genes in gene therapy; the use of synthetic oligonucleotides is involved. This is achieved by so many different methods. One strategy uses small RNA molecules called SiRNA to signal the cell to cleave specific unique sequences in the mRNA transcript of the faulty gene. This results in the disruption of translation of the faulty mRNA and consequently expression of the gene. . To disrupt the transcription of the faulty gene, another strategy uses antisense specific to the targeted gene. Lipoplexes and polyplexes For the improved delivery of the new DNA into cell, DNA must be secured from positively charged and damage. Primarily, neutral lipids and anionic were used for the construction of lipoplexes for synthetic vectors. Dendrimers Dendrimer is spherical shaped, highly branched macromolecule. The particle surface may be functionalized in so many ways and so ...

Non-Viral Methods Direct DNA injection is the simplest method of non-viral transfection.  (Wolff JA et al, 1990) Clinical trials have been performed successfully to inject naked DNA plasmids. Trials with naked PCR products have also been done and it had greater success. Many non-viral methods of gene transfer have been yielded by the research efforts. These method includes sonoporation, electroporation, magnetofection, receptor mediated gene transfer and gene gums are being explored.. (Wagner E et al, 1994) Ormasil is also used as a non-viral method. All methods have their own disadvantages and advantages. Injection of Naked DNA For the non-viral transfection it is the simplest method. Clinical trials have been done to carried out intramuscular injection of a naked DNA plasmid that have occurred with some success; though, in comparison to other transfection methods this expression has been very low. (PATIL P.M et al, 2012) Physical Methods to Enhance Delivery ...

Viral vector These are one of the most favourable vectors that are currently being used is harmless viruses. In a pathogenic manner, viruses have progressed a way of delivering and summarizing their genes to human cells. Scientists have tried to control and replace them with human genes which are working and they tried to take benefit of their ability. This transformed virus can be then used with great efficiency to smuggle genes into cells. Some viruses do not enter the cell but in host genomes they insert their genes. Others enter the cell membrane concealed as molecule of protein and enter the cell. Once within the cell of an infected person the transplanted gene is turned on at the right location, it can then produce the instructions which are necessary to make protein for the cell which was formerly altered or missed. (walther W et al., 2000) Viral vectors Tyoes: • Adenovirus1 • Retrovirus • Herpes simplex virus [HSV] • Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) Retrovirus...

Process of Gene Therapy The progression of gene therapy remains complex. It needs many techniques for surplus developments. The considerable challenge is to develop successful gene therapy for any kind of particular conditions. In the body, specific cells requiring treatment must be accessible and recognized. To the cells the efficiently delivering working copies of genes must be available. Furthermore, strict genetic links with disease needs to be understood thoroughly Types of Gene Therapy: Gene therapy has 2 types: 1       Germ line gene therapy: Where by the introduction of functional genes, germ cells (egg or sperm) are modified which are incorporated into their genome. Therefore, we can say that changes due to therapy would be passed on to the later generation; it is heritable. Ideally, in counteracting genetic disease this approach should be highly effective and ethical reasons and hereditary diso technical difficulties m...